(submitted to peer review, Information Technology in Libraries, Sept 1999)
Comprehension by Clicks: The D'Angelo Standards for Successful Webpage Design, and Time, Comprehension, and Preference
John D'Angelo and joanne twining
This study expands on a preliminary study (ITAL Volume 17, Number 2) that identified ten characteristics of successful webpages. This study examines the relationship between the number of D'Angelo Standards for successful webpages, and time spent viewing the webpage, comprehension of the webpage, and preferences for the webpage. It finds a weak but positive correlation between number of D'Angelo Standards included, and comprehension, time, and preference. Seven percent of comprehension is attributable to the number of D'Angelo Standards included, a significant finding since overall comprehension of webpages, as measured by percent of correctly answered questions, was only 61%, and webpages overall only included 6.5 of the D'Angelo Standards.
Much has been published about what constitutes a good web page, but little has been written about what makes a successful webpage. In a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of published webpage design standards, D'Angelo and Little1 established a research-based set of guidelines for design of successful World Wide Web pages. The ten D'Angelo Standards for successful webpage design are discussed fully in that article. (Full text of the article is available at http://www.intertwining.org/collaboratory/papers/dangelo/IT&L.html ). For the purpose of this study, the D'Angelo Standards include: Capitals, Links, Breaks, White Space, Fonts, Clash, Blend, Background, Colors, and Images.
For the original study, twenty webpages used for comparison with these ten characteristics were chosen from a list of award-winning sites from Windows magazine and from lists within Yahoo. They represent academic, business, personal and professional pages. These were randomly selected, captured as screenshots, and tested for their adherence to these standards. Webpages and screenshots are listed in Appendix B. This article continues that research agenda, and looks for correlation between number of D'Angelo Standards included, and time spent on each webpage, comprehension of the webpage, and preference for the webpage.
Literature Review
In 1999, Web Site Usability: A Designer's Guide1 was published. I reviewed this book in order to compare it's findings with those of our earlier research. However, we found the research methods somewhat lacking. The authors do not describe their research methods up front. There are problems of logic, definition of terms, and over generalizations based on limited observations. We do not know any demographic data about the sample or the sample size. This study calls for further work and with a more rigorous methodology, could be quite useful.
Research Question:
Does the number of D'Angelo Standards for successful webpage design included on a webpage impact time spent on the page, comprehension of the page, or preference for the page?
Terms Defined
Time here is defined as seconds elapsed from first access to a webpage to click-though. Comprehension is defined as percentage of correct responses to brief, multiple-choice questions concerning content, design, and purpose of the webpage. Preference is defined as the subjective choice of most favorite and least favorite of the webpages. Webpage is defined as a document published and made available on the World Wide Web. Screenshot is the still capture of a webpage and transference of that webpage into a noninteractive computerized mode for viewing. Thumbnail is a reduced size display of a webpage screenshot.
Presentation and Analysis of Data
The twenty webpages captured as screenshots for the previous study (screenshots are available at http://www.lita.org/ital/1702_screenshots.htm) were imported into a researcher-designed Visual Basic 5.0® program. The program was designed to test for time spent on each webpage, comprehension of the webpage, and preference for least and most favorite webpage, and to electronically gather responses for this study. In fall 1997, fifty participants were conveniently selected from the population of university students, public school teachers, and public library patrons in Denton, Texas. Each participant viewed the individual screenshots of the twenty webpages on a computer monitor. After viewing each screenshot for an unlimited amount of time, participants clicked forward and were asked four, simple, multiple-choice questions about that webpage. The questions were short, and were about the content, style, or purpose for the page. Each question had four possible answers, at least one of which was correct. Participants indicated their answer by clicking on a radio box accompanying each response. One response per question was allowed. After viewing all the screenshots and answering the set of four questions for each screenshot (a total of eighty questions), participants were shown a screen that contained thumbnail shots of all the webpages, and asked to choose their most favorite and their least favorite webpage from among the twenty thumbnails. Data collected were time spent viewing each screenshot before proceeding to the questions (measured in seconds), responses to the eighty questions (nominal data), and most favorite and least favorite webpage (nominal data). Data were analyzed using standard descriptive statistics and graphing techniques with the data analysis add-in package for Excel97®, which assumes an alpha of .05.Nine of the eighty questions had one response missing from the fifty possible responses to that question. The missing responses were randomly scattered throughout the test, without pattern or repetition, indicating that the problem was participant error or omission rather than a problem with the instrument or equipment. Rather than eliminate the nine questions with missing responses, and thus ultimately eliminate either nine of the webpages or nine of the participants from the study, or count the missing answers wrong, which would have penalized the participant, the missing responses were counted as if they were correct. Following is an analysis of the data.
D'Angelo Standards
The original study included a table presenting the number of D'Angelo Standards included in each of the twenty webpages. That table is reproduced here as Table 1, and the data is converted to frequency measures as Table 2.
Table 1
Number of D'Angelo Standards on Each Webpage
Of the ten possible D'Angelo Standards, the mean or average number of Standards included on the twenty webpages is 6.5. The median or middle-most number of Standards included on the webpages is 6.5, and the mode, or most frequent number of D'Angelo Standards per page is 5.0. The page with the lowest number of D'Angelo Standards (page #1) includes two of the Standards, and one page (#11) contains all ten of the Standards. No one of the Standards is included on every page. For a more thorough analysis of dispersion among the pages, see D'Angelo and Little, 1998. Successful Web Pages: What Are They and Do They Exist? Information Technology and Libraries 17(2):71-81.
Table 2
Frequency of D'Angelo Standards Included on Webpages
This study expands the value of the preliminary analysis of the D'Angelo Standards for successful webpage design by analyzing for correlation between number of standards included on each page, and time, comprehension, and preference.
Time
The time each participant spent viewing each screenshot was measured in seconds from the time the screenshot was accessed until the participant clicked forward to answer the questions. Aggregate average, or mean time spent on each page by all fifty participants is charted in Table 3. Participants spent a grand or overall mean of 38 seconds per webpage. The longest average time was an average 57 seconds spent on webpage #6, which contained six of the ten D'Angelo Standards, and the shortest average time was 21 seconds spent on webpage #17, which contained five of the ten D'Angelo Standards.
Table 3
Mean Times Spent Viewing Each Web Page
Time and D'Angelo Standard
The Pearson Product Moment test for correlation coefficient (Figure 4) between time spent per page and number of D'Angelo Standards included on the page provides an R2 = 0.072, indicating a weak but positive correlation between time and number of Standards. Correlation coefficient is the formula for the degree to which one variable is correlated to another. Possible values for the correlation coefficient range from -1 (and exact negative correlation in which all points fall on a downward-sloping straight line), through 0 (no linear relationship), to +1, (an exact positive correlation with all points falling on an upward-sloping straight line.)
Table 4
Linear Relationship Between Time and
Number of D'Angelo Standards per Webpage
Table 5 charts mean time spent per webpage in ascending value and number of D'Angelo Standards.
Table 5
Time and D'Angelo Standards
Comprehension
Comprehension statistics are also aggregated by screenshots (n=20) and measured as percent of correct answers for all 4 questions for each webpage. Questions and hyperlinks to the appropriate screenshots are included as Appendix A. Table 6 graphs comprehension by webpage in ascending order as percent of questions for that page that were answered correctly.
Table 6
Comprehension by Webpage
As an overall average, the fifty participants answered 61% of the questions correctly. The lowest scored set of questions (for page #9) was answered correctly 19% of the time, and the highest scored set of questions (for page #7) was answered 88% correct. Complete descriptive statistics for comprehension are provided as Table 7.
Figure 7
Comprehension of Webpages
Comprehension and D'Angelo Standard
The distribution of comprehension, as measured by percent of correct answers for webpages that include the same number of D'Angelo Standards, is graphed in Table 8. Webpages that include five of the D'Angelo Standards produced 60% comprehension, the largest distribution.
Table 8
Frequency of Comprehension of Webpages
The simple correlation between comprehension and number of D'Angelo Standards per page is .2658, as shown in the pairwise comparison chart in Table 9. A correlation of 1 would tell us that information about one variable tells precisely what the other measure must be, and would allow prediction of the one if we had the other, or that there is an exact correlation. The correlation of .2658 indicates a positive correlation, meaning that one follows the same linear trend as the other, but that it is weak (less than .5).
Table 9
Correlation of Comprehension and D'Angelo Standard
The correlation coefficient (Table 10), which represents the portion of variation in comprehension explained by its linear relationships with the number of D'Angelo Standards included on each web page, is R2= 0.0707. This means that 7% of comprehension is explained by the D'Angelo Standards, or that 93% of comprehension is explained by some other variable.
Table 10
Weak Positive Correlation Between Comprehension and D'Angelo Standard
Time, Comprehension, and the D'Angelo Standard
A three-way pairwise correlation between comprehension, D'Angelo Standard, and amount of time participants spent on each web page (Table 11) reveals that the highest correlation, 0.2658, between the three measures is between comprehension and D'Angelo Standard. However, the correlation between comprehension and time is very similar: .2514, while the correlation between time and D'Angelo Standard is very low (.0737). Figure 12 graphs time, comprehension, and D'Angelo Standard, by webpage.
Table 11
Pairwise Correlation between Comprehension, D'Angelo Standards, and Time
Pairwise Correlation |
Comprehension |
D'Angelo Standards |
Time |
Comprehension |
1 |
||
D'Angelo Standards |
0.2658 |
1 |
|
Time |
0.2514 |
0.0737 |
1 |
Table 12
Time, Comprehension, and D'Angelo Standard
Preference
Participants were asked to choose one webpage as their most favorite and one webpage as their least favorite. Five of the twenty webpages were neither chosen most favorite or least favorite. Pages not selected for either category were numbers 5, 6, 15, 16, and 19. Pages that were chosen either most favorite or least favorite are graphed in Table 12. Thirteen individual pages were chosen most favorite. Participants tended to prefer different pages as their most favorite. Eight individual pages were chosen least favorite, and participants tended to choose the same pages as their least favorite. Webpage #9 was selected both the second most favorite, and the third least favorite.
Figure 12
Most Favorite and Least Favorite Webpages
Preference and D'Angelo Standards
The eight pages selected as least favorite included fewer of the D'Angelo Standards; and the webpages selected as most favorite included more of the D'Angelo Standards (Table 13).
Table 13
Webpage Preference and D'Angelo Standards
Preference and Time
For the thirteen pages selected as most favorite, the grand mean time spent viewing the page was 36 seconds, with a range from 21 to 58 seconds. Participants spent an average 41 seconds on the most favored page, #13. Table 14, which graphs most favorite webpages (n=13) with time spent viewing, demonstrations that participants spent more time viewing the more favored of the most favorite pages than they spent with the lesser favored most favorite pages.
Table 14
Time and Most Favorite Webpages
For the eight pages selected as least favorite, the average time spent per page also ranged from 21 to 58 seconds (both pages were selected in both preference categories), and the average time spent on least favorite pages was also 40 seconds. Participants spent an average 55 seconds on the least favored page, #4.
The seven webpages that were not selected as most favorite consumed an average 42 seconds. The twelve webpages that were not selected as least favorite consumed an average 37 seconds.
Preference and Comprehension
Table 16, which graphs most favorite webpages in descending order and least favorite webpages in ascending order, along with comprehension of those pages, and shows that the most favorite pages have a higher overall comprehension than the least favorite webpages.
Table 16
Preference and Comprehension
Summary of Findings
This study finds a weak but positive correlation between the ten D'Angelo Standards for successful webpage design and comprehension of webpages, time spent viewing webpages, and preferences for webpages. Seven percent of comprehension can be attributed to the number of D'Angelo Standards included. Overall comprehension of the webpages selected for this study was 61%. The twenty webpages selected for this study incorporated an average 6.5 of the ten D'Angelo Standards for successful webpage design, the with most frequent number of Standards per page being five. There is a similar weak but positive correlation between amount of time viewing each webpage and comprehension of that webpage. A three-way pairwise correlation between time, comprehension, and number of D'Angelo Standards reveals a weaker but still positive correlation between time and number of D'Angelo Standards included. Participants tended to choose different pages and their most favorite, and same pages as their least favorite. The pages selected as most favorite included more of the D'Angelo Standards than did pages selected as least favorite. Although participants spent the same overall amount of time on the pages that they selected as either most favorite or least favorite, they tended to spend more time on the most frequently selected most favorite pages than on the less frequently selected favorite pages. They also spent more time viewing favorite pages than they did on pages overall.
References
Jared M. Spool. 1999. Web Site Usability: A Designers Guide. San Francisco, CA; Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
D'Angelo, John and Sherry Little. 1998. Successful Web Pages: What Are They and Do They Exist? Information Technology and Libraries 17(32): 71-81. http://www.lita.org/ital/ital1702.htm#dangelo
Appendix A.
Questions with correct answers in bold.
Site #1 -- TWU.EDU/INFO
1. What color fonts were used?
A) Yellow, Green, Red, Purple, Black B) Red, Gray, Blue, Brown, Pink C) Yellow, Blue, Green, Pink, White D) Yellow, White, Green, Orange, Pink2. What color font stood out? A) Green
B) Yellow
C) White
D) Blue
3. What information would this site lead to?
A) Advising or mentoring programs
B) Application procedure
C) Tuition and living expense
D) Learning resources
4. How many questions were on this page?
A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7
Site #2 -- Dr. Bohannan's Site
1. Do the graphics relate to the topics? A) All of them relate to the topics. B) Some of them relate to the topics. C) I can remember the graphics, but not topics. D) None of them relate to the topics.
2. What is the purpose of this site?
A) Creator's publications
B) Creator's biography
C) Creator's teaching activities
D) Creator's background, experience, and education
3. What state does the creator consider home?
A) Baltimore
B) Virginia
C) Texas
D) Boston
4. What is the most outstanding feature?
A) Graphics
B) Page title
C) Topics
D) Structure
Site #3 -- Dogdesign.com
1. Name two (2) companies/corporations which use Black Dog Design Co.?
A) Montgomery Ward, Sears
B) Denny's, Arrington Travel
C) Ace Hardware, Payless Shoes
D) Softbank Interactive, Instructional Designs
2. What happened in the first quarter of 1997 with the Black Dog Design Co.?
A) Allstate became new client of Black Dog Design Co.
B) Arrignton Travel became new client of Black Dog Design Co.
C) Sears began to use BDDC's services.
D) BDDC became one of the online advertising vendors.
3. What type of dog was on the page?
A) Poodle
B) German shepherd
C) Doberman pinscher
D) Cocker Spaniel
4. What does the Black Dog Design Co. provide?
A) Dog food
B) Dog decoration products
C) Black dogs
D) Web and advertising design
Site #4 -- Bulletproof Business Plans
1. Does Bulletproof Business Plans offer legal advice?
A) Yes.
B) No.
C) I cannot remember.
D) Ocassionally
2. Does Bulletproof Business Plans offer CPA services?
A) Yes.
B) No.
D) I cannot remember.
D) Ocassionally
3. What does Bulletproof Business Plans recommend their users about
legal advice?
A) It does not recommend its users seek legal advice.
B) It recommends its users seek advice from its agents or analysts.
C) It recommends its users find a licensed attorney.
D) I cannot remember what it recommends.
4. Does the background affect the text?
A) The background does not affect the text.
B) The background is busy, but I can read the text because its color.
C) The background is busy, I cannot read the text.
D) I cannot read the text because of its style, not of the background.
Site #5 -- Copycat Recipes
1. Whose recipes were listed?
A) McDonalds
B) Boston Markets
C) Denny's
D) None of the above
2. Name two (2) recipe items from each restaurant.
A) Chicken Marinade, Macaroni and Cheese
B) Chicken Marinade, KFC Fried Chicken
C) Meat loaf, Fish Filet
D) Meat loaf, KFC Cole Slaw
3. Where did the creator find the recipes?
A) Internet Link Exchange
B) Online sources
C) Home recipes
D) Cooking books
4. What is under Long John Silvers Fish Batter?
A) Meat loaf
B) Fish Filet
C) Popcorn shrimp
D) It is not shown on the screen.
Site #6 -- Country Studies/Area Handbook Program
1. Who sponsors the Country Studies/Handbook program?
A) Library of Congress
B) Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress
C) Ethiopia
D) Department of the Army
2. What country is listed?
A) Egypt
B) Ethiopia
C) The Unite States
D) Indonesia
3. How did this page mention the Library of Congress?
A) This page did not mention the Library of Congress.
B) Library of Congress sponsors Country Studies/Area Handbook Program.
C) Library of Congress publishes a series of books under Country
Studies/Area Handbook Program.
D) None of the above.
4. What is the title of this page?
A) Country Studies/Area Handbook Program
B) Country Studies
C) Area Handbook Program
D) Library of Congress Country Studies/Area Handbook Program
Site #7 --Internet Chef On-line Magazine
1. How do you know if this page provides information for amateur chefs?
A) It does not have information for amateur chefs.
B) "The Internet Chef offers something for everyone..."
C) "Over 5 million cooking enthusiasts served"
D) Tips and hints
2. What recipes are NOT included on this site?
A) Candies
B) Beverage
C) Full meals
D) Snacks
3. What is new on this page?
A) A New recipe weekly.
B) Monthly articles.
C) What's new!
D) Search the IChef Recipe Archive!
4. What is the title of this page?
A) IChef
B) The Internet Chef
C) The IChef Recipe Archive
D) Recipe of the Week
Site #8 -- Royalty in History Page
1. Which country is emphasized on this page?
A) No country is emphasized.
B) Spain.
C) Sweden.
D) Roman Empire
2. Which leader has the most space devoted to him/her?
A) Philip IV of Spain
B) Roman Emperor Caligula
C) Carlos II of Spain
D) Christina of Sweden
3. What did Roman Emperor Caligula think he was?
A) He thought he was lift-sized statue.
B) He thought he was a royal.
C) He thought he was above law.
D) He thought he was God.
4. How many visitors have visited the site this month?
A) 1824
B) 30190
C) 1996
D) Doesn't say
Site #9 -- John Hersey
1. What is the main focus?
A) I have no idea.
B) Children
C) Icon
D) T-Shirt
2. Do the graphics relate to the links?
A) Yes.
B) No.
C) No graphic is on this page.
D) No link is on this page.
3. The site is
A) easy to read
B) difficult to read
C) about right for reading
D) cannot read it
4. List three (3) words found on this site.
A) Link, Excuse, Posters
B) Fonts, Ink, Family
C) Icon, Children, Ink
D) None of the above.
Site #10 -- Len & Regina's Homepage
1. What is the note on this site about?
A) There is a bug on this page.
B) Your computer has a bug.
C) Your version of Netscape has a bug.
D) A bug in your version of Netscape may cause display problems.
2. The graphics featured on this page include
A) Interesting Places, Anime Gallery, Alexander Zakoski
B) Len & Regina's Gallery, Children, Visitor counter
C) Anime Gallery, Norman Rockwell Gallery, Alexander Zakoski
D) Interesting Places, Norman Rockwell Gallery, Visitor counter
3. The background of this page is
A) blue
B) yellow
C) white
D) multi-colored
4. This is the Home Page of
A) Norman Rockwell
B) Anime Gallery
C) Len & Regina
D) Alexander Zakoski
Site #11 -- Gateway to New Zealand Science
1. What is the relationship between brothers and cats?
A) Brothers like cats.
B) Women who grow up with brothers rarely have allergies to cats.
C) Brothers are less likely to have allergy to cats.
D) Brothers do not have allergy to cats.
2. Describe the picture found on this page.
A) A music notation
B) A cat
C) A water powered fan
D) A lady in front of a poster
3. Name one thing that can be found in the left frame.
A) Staff addresses
B) Bill and Code of Ethics
C) Proceedings
D) What we do
4. What is the topic heading of this page?
A) The Royal Society of New Zealand
B) The Gateway to New Zealand Science
C) FCNZ National Science + Technology Fair 1996
D) None of the above.
Site #12 -- Tektronix
1. Is Tektronix providing a service?
A) No.
B) Yes.
C) I cannot tell from this page.
D) Occasionally
2. What product does Tektronix try to sell?
A) Video & networking
B) Computer systems
C) Newspapers
D) None of the above
3. Does this page provide background information on this page about the company?
A) Yes.
B) No.
C) Yes, through a link ("about Tectronix")
D) Yes, through their newsletter
4. Does this page provide a way to find what Tektronix produces?
A) Yes.
B) No.
C) I cannot remember.
D) Yes, but only through e-mail
Site #13 -- Texas Monthly WWW Ranch
1. Are the graphics appropriate for the site?
A) All of them
B) None of them
C) Most of them
D) Only a few of them
2. Which country singer is featured?
A) Clint Black
B) Tracy Byrd
C) Alan Jackson
D) I cannot recognize.
3. What can you register to win from this site?
A) Friday Fair
B) Big Bend River Rafting Contest
C) The Grand Champion Steer
D) Texas Talk
4. Does this page lead to shopping information?
A) Yes.
B) No.
C) I cannot remember.
D) Yes, through e-mail
Site #14 -- Texas Tech University
1. How many ways to access library information?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
2. Under which heading is information about departments placed?
A) University Information
B) Search & Help
C) Web Sites at Texas Tech
D) Student Resources
3. From where can you find information about faculty members?
A) University information
B) Student resources
C) Search and help
D) None of the above
4. What stands out the most on this page?
A) Title
B) Graphic
C) Categories
D) Structure
Site #15 -- Universal Channel
1. What is one of the television programs featured?
A) Cold War
B) Spy Game
C) San Francisco
D) Star War
2. What television networks are found on this page?
A) ABC, FOX, UPN
B) USA, FOX, UPN
C) FOX, ABC, CNN
D) CNN, ABC, CBS
3. What are the ratings of the television programs?
A) PG13
B) G
C) It is not mentioned on this page.
D) I cannot remember.
4. Is there a certain theme among the television programs found on this site?
A) They are about spies.
B) No, they are varying.
C) They are about sports.
D) They are about San Francisco.
Site #16 -- University of Texas at Tyler
1. List three (3) schools that award master's degrees.
A) Business Administration, Science & Mathematics,
Division of Nursing
B) Education and Psychology, Business Administration, Library Science
C) Business Administration, Division of Nursing, Computer Science
D) Liberal Arts, Science & Mathematics, Social Science
2. Who is the President of U.T. Tyler?
A) Dr. George F. Hamm
B) Dr. Roger F. Hamm
C) Dr. Robert Hamm
D) Dr. Joe Hamm
3. A phone number is provided for
A) President's office
B) Office of Registration
C) Admissions hotline
D) Office of Admissions & Student Records
4. Does UT Tyler offer courses for all college students?
A) It offers courses for all college students.
B) It only offers courses for freshmen and sophomore.
C) It only offers courses for junior, senior, and graduate students.
D) It only offers courses for graduate students.
Site #17 -- Web Vertisments
1. What is the name of the company?
A) Webvertisement
B) Art-I -Craft
C) Webvertisement Art-I-Craft
D) I cannot tell from this page.
2. What are they offering for free?
A) One (1) hour consultation
B) Local service
C) National service
D) I cannot tell from this page.
3. Who has used this service?
A) Art-I-Craft
B) Webvertisements
C) National service reps
D) This page does not mention it.
4. What is the purpose of this site?
A) Advertising Webvertisements' free services
B) Advertising Art-I-Craft's free services
C) I cannot tell.
D) Introducing free products
Site #18 -- Welcome to Pathfinder
1. List three (3) magazines mentioned on this page.
A) CNN, Time, Life
B) Life, Fortune, People
C) Sports, Net Culture, Money
D) Brave New World, Living, Time
2. What brand of automobile is mentioned?
A) Lincoln
B) Ford
C) Mercury
D) Chevrolet
3. What type of soda is advertised?
A) Classical Coke-Cola
B) Dr. Pepper
C) Pepsi
D) Diet Coke
4. Under which category is the heading "Quick Quotes"?
A) News
B) Money & Business
C) People & Entertainment
D) Sports
Site #19 -- Winmag on the Internet
1. What is coming soon to this site?
A) Wintune 97
B) TechInvestor
C) Internet Explorer
D) WIN NT
2. What can you win from this site?
A) Beta 2 of Wintune 97
B) Hitachi notebook
C) Compaq laptop
D) Toshiba laptop
3. How many reasons are there to check out TechInvestor?
A) 50
B) 225
C) 25
D) 250
4. How can you win a new Hitachi notebook?
A) Subscribe Windows Magazine
B) Check out TechInvestor
C) Join PC service and support survey
D) Use PC service
Site #20 -- Women's Wire Guide
1. List three (3) categories that are numbered.
A) News, Body, Buzz
B) Style, Cash, Celeb gossip
C) News, Work, Backtalk
D) Imagewire, Shop, Introduce Beatrice
2. Celeb Gossip includes
A) Vienna Philharmonic
B) Clinton
C) Goldie
D) Helen
3. According to this page, what is society's latest ethical dilemma?
A) It is not mentioned.
B) In-laws
C) Cross dress
D) I cannot remember.
4. "What's new today" includes
A) Golde
B) Back talk
C) Image wire
D) None of the above
Appendix B.
The Twenty Web Pages Used for Comparison
1.Admissions [Texas Woman's University] (51K)
http://www.twu.edu/info/admBs.html
2.April Bohannan (133K)
http://www.twu.edu/slis/ABhomepage/home. htm
3.Black Dog Design: THE DOG POUND (44K)
http://www.dogdesign.com/
4.Bulletproof Business Plans, Inc.: What Bulletproof Business Plans Is Not (
(200K) http://www.bulletproofbizplans.com/p0000007. htm
5.Copycat Recipes (19K)
http://www.netins.net/showcase/medea/copy. html
6.Country Studies: Area Handbooks (36K)
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/country.html
7.The Internet Chef On-Line Magazine (35K)
http://www.ichef.com/
8.Joan's Royalty In History Page (49K)
http://www.xs4all.nl/~kvenjb/kings.htm
9.John Hersey (19K)
http://www.hersey.com/index1.html
10.Len & Regina's Homepage (99K)
http://www.paonline.com/zaikoski/index.htm
11.The Royal Society's Gateway to New Zealand Science (64K)
http://www.rsnz.govt.nz/
12.Tektronix Inc. (105K)
http://www.tek.com/
13.Texas Monthly WWW Ranch: Home Page (83K)
http://www.texasmonthly.com/
14.TTU - Texas Tech Home Page (26K)
http://www.ttu.edu/home.htm
15.Universal Channel: Welcome (41K)
http://www.mca.com/tv/
16.The University of Texas at Tyler's Home Page (137K)
http://www.uttyl.edu/
17.Webvertisements Art-I-Craft Internet Service (151K)
http://www.erie.net/~kecke/
18.Welcome to Pathfinder! (63K)
http://pathfinder.com/@@TCLe8wQAvW7BhyuV/welcome/
19.Welcome to WinMag on the Internet - Thursday (40K)
http://www.winmag.com/
20.Women's Wire Guide Page (40K)
http://www.women.com/guide/
________
John D'Angelo < jdangelo@twu.edu> is Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Human Ecology, and Director of the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Teaching at Texas Woman's University. joanne twining <twining@intertwining.org>is owner of the information consultancy, intertwining.org, and a doctoral candidate in the School of Library and Information Studies, Texas Woman's University.