Successful Web Pages: What Are They and Do They Exist?

INTRODUCTION

The Internet and its World Wide Web (WWW) are rapidly becoming a way of life for many in business, industry and education. Numerous newspaper advertisements as well as television commercials and programs list the companies’ WWW address. WWW home pages are readily available to anyone with a computer, a modem, and a way to connect to the Web. The number of hosts worldwide on the Web increased from 1.3 million in January 1993 to over 12.8 million in July 1996^1,2 and appears to be doubling in size approximately every 12-15 months.³ During the same time period, in Europe alone, the number of hosts increased from 303,828 to over 3 million.⁴ Virtually anyone, anywhere, can place a Web page on the Internet.

Libraries and other information agencies have quickly joined the ranks of companies and agencies creating Web pages. An obvious reason for this interest in placing Web pages on the Internet is to communicate information about the company or agency providing the pages. This is done through the use of visual elements, such as print or photos. Pages that do not communicate the desired information because of poor page design fail in their purpose. An agency which places a Web page on the Internet does so with the assumption that the user will comprehend the content of the page and that he or she will continue through the provided links to other pages in the Web site. The design of the page can affect whether or not the user goes beyond the first page. In addition, the design of the page sends a message to the user about the organization.

The fact that anyone may place a Web page on the Internet provides ample reason for the enumeration of some perimeters based on current and relevant research. By following sound, research-based guidelines, a library or other organization can be assured that it is represented on the Web in a complimentary manner and that the pages to which they provide organized access are useful to their users. Unfortunately, little research has been done, probably due to the newness of the Web. Research has certainly been conducted on the design of television and computer screens. However, in virtually all cases the purpose of the screen being examined is very different from that of a person, agency or company placing a home page on the Web. In many cases, the research relates to screen design for education or training, but also may be for non-instructional situations (e.g., air traffic monitoring, airline arrival/departure schedules, pilot/driver navigation systems, on-line job aids).

Looking at existing Web pages one can find pages with many colors in various combinations, an extraordinary number of graphics having little or nothing to do with the content of the page, type fonts of every conceivable style, and layouts that would make even the most novice of graphics artists scream in horror. This exploratory study is a preliminary step to establishing a research-based set of guidelines for design of World Wide Web pages. It provides an analysis of what guidelines currently exist and compares selected parts of these guidelines with a sample of existing Web pages to determine whether or not Web page designers are currently following the published guidelines. This synthesis and comparison has implications for universities, businesses, and other agencies around the world.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

For this study, the following research questions were posed.

Question 1. What published guidelines currently exist?

Question 2. Do existing Web pages adhere to the published guidelines?

TERMS DEFINED

Several terms or concepts related to the World Wide Web and Web pages were identified and defined for this project. They are:

• Home page: the beginning of a set of Web pages, the place where most visitors start scanning and exploring the Web site.⁵

• Hyperlink: the connection between a word or graphic in an active browser view of a Web page to another file anywhere on the World Wide Web.⁶

• Image map: A single graphic that has more than hyperlink on it.⁷

• Web browsers: locally hosted clients such as NetScape, Mosaic, etc., that "read" files created in HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) and display interactive "pages" to their users.⁸

• Web page: an electronic document with any combination of text, sound, and graphics.⁹

• Web site: a set of pages that are meaningfully linked together.^10,11

• World Wide Web (WWW): a merging of hypertext, information retrieval, and wide area networking¹² or the multi-media, hypertext and graphic images part of the Internet, navigable via Web browsers.^13,14

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

In spite of the fact that CERN did not report development of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the literature until 1992¹⁵ and that guidelines for presenting information through it are relatively new, they are prolific. In 1995, Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden stated that extensive guidelines on actual home page design remained to be published. However, many printed sources now include lists of do's and don’ts for designing Web pages and the WWW has even more sources.

These sources are of two types. The first are guidelines and suggestions for planning a Web page or Web site. Included are such things as conducting an analysis of user needs and mapping out the hierarchy of the site. The second type discusses specific design elements and includes some ethical issues. This second group is examined in depth in this study. In spite of the multitude of documents offering the second type of guidelines, very little research has been done on what constitutes a good Web page.

A few pieces of research related to Web pages were identified. Cochenour, Lee, and Wilkins¹⁶ studied the visual characteristics, navigational characteristics, and practical considerations of using imagemaps on educational institution home pages. Hughes¹⁷ identified twelve guidelines that could also have been divided into these categories and compared them to Web sites of children’s publishers. Gibbs and Cheng¹⁸ tested a new method of data gathering, the video-split screen method, to see if there was any indication that a textual document map was helpful to users. Finally, Ma¹⁹ looked at the icons used on library home pages and the meanings of those icons. In all of these studies, the ability to communicate information or ideas effectively was the basis for determining the success or failure of a specific item, page, or site.

Cochenour, Lee, and Wilkins²⁰ found that effective imagemaps, or those preferred by the subjects when searching for specific information, were simple rather than artistic and complex. Gibbs and Cheng²¹ also studied users searching for specific pages or pieces of information and found that explicitly informing users of the existence of a document map and defining its purpose and function was necessary for effectiveness. The ability to move through a site easily by such things as using fewer layers, allowing users to reach the desired information quickly and then easily return to the starting place, were also preferred by users in these studies. Consistency within and between pages in a Web site was also considered an important component for users in the Cochenour, Lee and Wilkins study.

In Ma’s study,²² the icons used in library home pages, whether textual or graphical, were found to be rooted in Western culture and the newly emerging culture of the Internet. Hughes²³ also found a leaning toward Western, especially English-language, information and graphics in the children’s publishers sites she examined.

While all of these studies examined elements of World Wide Web pages or sites and some included visual design elements, none concentrated on that aspect of page design.

Other related research can be found regarding computer or television screen display design. It can provide some guidance in the area of WWW screen design. Issues such as combinations of color, text and graphics with backgrounds, element layout or placement, composition, and quantity of information on the page all need to be addressed when designing any screen. Quinn²⁴ points out that questions such as these still need to be answered regarding Web page design.

The interaction between the Internet user and the Internet itself represents a new type of psychology which is very little understood and so is in need of study as well. Luskin addresses this interaction, which he calls Media Psychology, as follows.

Much of the literature on viewing computer screens relates to physical issues such as screen flicker, poor lighting, inadequate screen resolution, and poor character shape and spacing.²⁶ There is also some research relating to how visual information is presented to the user. Reid²⁷ has used his research to formulate recommendations for designing visual display layouts. Some of these might be applied to the design of Web home pages.

The appropriate use of color in screen design has much research behind it, although not directly related to Web page design. Although D'Angelo²⁸ examined the relatonship of color combination and the age of the individuals, it did show color preferences and the extent of comprehension of the screen's content. Murch²⁹ also conducted a study of the color preferences of individuals. Haubner and Benz³⁰ found the improper use of color can even impair performance by distracting a person and interfering with the handling of information.

Content and function of a visual display is addressed by Smith and Ragan,³¹ while Hannafin and Peck³² use the term frame protocol to refer to the "consistent designation of various zones of a frame for specific uses." Both of these have implications for the design of Web pages.

ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Several assumptions were made for this study. First, the purpose of a Web page is assumed to be to communicate information to a user through graphics and text in an effective manner. Second, the design of a Web page is assumed to be important to its comprehension and therefore an important topic for study.

Other factors affecting the results of this study include the fact that only a portion of each Web page chosen for comparison with the published guidelines was downloaded for this comparison. However, an effort was made to make the portion downloaded representative of the entire page. In addition, the colors used for the comparisons were those chosen by the Web page designer. This was necessary since the use of color was included in the guidelines chosen for comparison. However, it is acknowledged that the way the colors display on the screen are a factor of the monitor used. Therefore, if another monitor had been used, the results could have been different.

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

As mentioned earlier, the multitude of published guidelines for designing Web pages do not seem to be based on any type of research. Many, in fact, state that they are based only on opinion or personal observation. These opinions cover a variety of subjects, including Ennis’³³ statement that designing a Web page is just the opposite of designing a print page because print documents are limited to a few colors with an almost unlimited supply of typefaces, while Web pages have almost unlimited color possibilities with little choice of typefaces. Another general recommendation is not to post any information resource unless it is reasonably certain that its availability can be maintained.³⁴

General Page Information

In addition to the observations and recommendations about publishing Web pages in general, there are a number of general guidelines for the design of Web pages. These include the admonition to sign and date each page^{35,36,37,40,41,42} and to include some sort of feedback mechanism such as a mailto command or an interactive form, with appropriately worded questions.^{43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52} Placing the url on the page for users who print it^53,54 or making the Web page design consistent with the organization’s print publications⁵⁵ are also suggested in the literature.

Since the published guidelines are based on opinion, not all agree. For example, Johnson and Armstrong⁵⁶ recommend including a disclaimer that your page is always under construction, while it is stated in the article Setting up a Web site⁵⁷ that this is unnecessary and redundant since all Web pages are constantly being updated, but, if you do, do not use a flashing ‘under construction’ GIF image.

Falcigno and Green⁵⁸ suggest advertising any enhancement as a "process improvement" to catch the user’s attention. Several authors make a point of encouraging Web page authors to use short, descriptive titles for the pages but to avoid the words ‘Cyber,’ ‘Home Page,’ or ‘Web Page’ in the title.^59,60,61,62

The other guidelines found in the published literature can be divided into the three categories used by Cochenour, Lee, and Wilkins.⁶³ They are navigational characteristics, practical considerations, and visual characteristics. All are based on the assumption that the user should be the primary consideration in designing a Web page or Web site.

Navigational Characteristics

The navigational characteristic guidelines for Web pages provide information on the way in which the user moves around a single page, between pages within a Web site, or between a Web site and remote sources. These include a number of recommendations about the types of links to provide and how those links should be presented. They are listed below.

• Provide a link to the home page and/or beginning of a group of pages to which the current page belongs.^{64,65,66,67,68}

• Provide a link to a 'help’ page.⁶⁹

• Do not use different names for links to the same location.⁷⁰

• Provide links to outside sources or remote sites,^71,72 but only if related to your organization.⁷³ Explain why they are included,⁷⁴ and make the links to the actual page in the remote site you want the user to access.⁷⁵

• Keep all remote links updated regularly so the user does not find dead-end links.⁷⁵ This may be done with some sort of automated system.^77,78,79

• Make sure menus and sequences are understandable to users no matter how they enter the Web site,^80,81,82 with pages that are accessed and navigated easily.⁸³ Ensure that every page that can be accessed directly makes sense by itself.^84,85

Practical Considerations

Another group of guidelines provides suggestions for practical aspects of using a Web page. These include the length of time it takes a page to load including a variety of recommendations for the use of graphics in a Web site. Also included in this group are issues of visual consistency and using the content and design to meet the needs of the target audience. The practical considerations found in the literature are listed below.

• Make the layout of the site consistent and user-friendly,^86,87 including a consistent use of icon and button styles⁸⁸ and a consistent placement of menu or navigation icons on each page.^89,90,91

• Use bullets and numbers for lists,⁹² but not GIF images.⁹³ Do not create things that look like buttons but do not work like buttons.⁹⁴

• Strike a balance between graphics and transmission speed.^95,96

Graphics

• Use no more than 3 images per page.^97,98

• Tell the browser the size of the image in pixels so it will load faster.^99,100

• Either tell the user that a graphic is available and what size it is so the user can decide whether to download it or not,^{101,102,103,104,105} or use a "thumbnail" graphic image that links to a larger image on a different page.¹⁰⁶

• Use images that are 600 x 400 pixels or smaller.^107,108

• Use banner images that are 500 x 100 pixels or smaller.¹⁰⁹

• Make image files less than 25K and preferably less than 15K.¹¹⁰ If necessary, reduce the bit or color depth (i.e. the number of colors) in images, including background images, to make them load faster.¹¹¹

• Make background files less than 5K, reducing the number of colors, if necessary.¹¹²

• Do not use a "clashing" text over a background pattern.¹¹³

• Do not let text blend into the background.¹¹⁴

• Use only light blue, white, or gray for backgrounds;¹¹⁵ but never black.¹¹⁶

• Use a patterned background for special effect, but use a plain background for pages that require sustained attention.¹¹⁷

• Do not use interlaced images for a background.¹¹⁸

• Use changes in color to indicate status changes in the text.¹¹⁹

• Do not use more than 50 colors per image, or 150 colors per page.¹²⁰

• Do not use more than 4 colors per screen.¹²¹

• Do not use Java Script to make colors fade in and out.¹²²

• Indicate action with warm colors.¹²³

• Indicate emphasis with bright colors.¹²⁴

• Keep sound files small by eliminating silences and other extraneous sounds.¹²⁵

• Check the sound regularly to make sure it is functional.¹²⁶

• Keep video files small by minimizing frame size and rate, and minimizing or eliminating extraneous material.¹²⁷

• Use media sparingly.^128,129

• Make the image files a practical size,¹³⁰ considering that the smaller they are, the better.¹³¹ This can be accomplished by compressing the file or using less color^132,133,134 and by using bright, high contrast photos.^{135,136,137,138}

• Design the Web site for content and not appearance.¹³⁹

• Consider users of text-only browsers like LYNX or visually impaired users by providing a text-only view¹⁴⁰ or simple alternative text for the graphics they cannot see.^{141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150}

• Make the top 6" of the home page interesting and enticing to allure your audience.¹⁵¹

• Enter text at the top of the page, so users will have something to read while graphics load.¹⁵²

• Summarize the contents of your Web presentation in the first paragraph.¹⁵³

• Put important material at the top of the Web page, not the bottom.¹⁵⁴

• Include a ‘What’s New’ area and point to it.¹⁵⁵

• Provide a search capability for your page or site.¹⁵⁶

• Include descriptive data on you or the organization.¹⁵⁷

• Use only abbreviations the expected users will understand.¹⁵⁸

• Avoid grammatical and spelling errors.^{159,160,161,162,163}

• Avoid information that must be updated in more than one file of information.¹⁶⁴

Visual Characteristics

The final group of guidelines are concerned with whether the links are recognizable as such and whether the words or graphics used for links are representative of the information to which they lead. Other basic design considerations, such as page layout and text styles, are included in this section. As stated earlier, since the guidelines are based on opinion, there are some disagreements between authors as to what constitutes a "good" Web page. For example, a number of writers suggest that the home page should fit on a single screen^165,166 using additional pages (or files), if logical, to develop the content of the site.^167,168 On the other hand, several writers recommend that making Web pages longer than a single screen is better so the site is flatter with fewer layers to sift through.^169,170,171 Other recommendations for visual characteristics of Web pages are listed below.

• Keep the Web page simple¹⁷² and organized¹⁷³ by providing the information in clear, readable, short, well-structured sentences, divided into paragraphs, and include a good overview of the whole site.^{174,175,176,177,178,179,180}

• Break up the content with topic and subtopic headings or use horizontal lines¹⁸¹ or headers¹⁸² in sequential order.¹⁸³

• Make links within a document descriptive, either through the use of single words or phrases,^184,185 through descriptions clear enough that the user who prints the page will be able to understand where the link goes and what to expect once they get there,¹⁸⁶ or through the use of prose or definition lists.¹⁸⁷ Many of the guidelines emphasize not using the words 'here' or 'there' as links, since words used as links are often what are saved as bookmarks.^{188,189,190,191,192,193}

• Do not underline links, since browsers usually do this.¹⁹⁴

• Include a horizontal line at the bottom of the page.¹⁹⁵

• Provide navigational options at the top of the page.¹⁹⁶

• Use boldface and italics sparingly and never type text in all capitals.¹⁹⁷

• Avoid using multiple fonts.¹⁹⁸

• Use white space effectively.^199,200

Once the published guidelines were reviewed, ten characteristics of Web pages were chosen for comparison with twenty existing Web pages. Since the methodology for this study made offline comparisons of portions of Web pages to the page characteristics, the navigational characteristics were inappropriate for this study. In addition, the stated purpose of this study was to establish a research-based set of guidelines for the design of World Wide Web pages. Therefore, characteristics from the practical and visual sections were both used. Five were chosen from each section and represented recommendations for both ‘good’ and ‘bad’ pages. The ten used for the comparisons are listed below. The text in brackets was added by the authors for clarification of how each characteristic was interpreted when compared to the pages.

Visual Characteristics:

Practical Considerations

The twenty existing Web pages used for comparison with these ten characteristics were chosen from a list of award-winning sites from Windows magazine and from lists within Yahoo. They represent academic, business, personal and professional pages and are listed below. Copies of the portion of the page examined for this comparison are included at the end of this document.

Table 1 illustrates which characteristic guidelines were followed on each page. A dot in a cell indicates adherance to the guideline. Only one Web page, The Royal Society’s Gateway to New Zealand Science (#11), followed all ten guidelines. All the Web pages followed at least two of the guidelines. However, there was no guideline that was followed by all the Web pages.

The placement of links within prose of definition lists was the guideline that was least likely to be followed by the Web pages while not letting the background clash with the text was the most likely to be followed, although only 90% of the Web pages did follow this guideline. Two other guidelines were followed by 85% of the Web pages. These were the admonition to not let the background blend with the text and to use the page’s white space effectively. On average, 6.55 of the ten guidelines were followed by each Web page in this study.

The practical considerations were followed, on average, by 15% more of the existing Web sites than the visual characteristics. From 7 to 17 of the Web sites adhered to the visual characteristics for a mean of 11.6 (58%) and a median of 13 (65%). The Web sites following the practical considerations ranged from 11-18 with an average of 14.6 (73%) and a median of 15 (75%). Perhaps this difference can be explained by the fact that whether a characteristic is considered 'good' or 'bad' is based more on personal preference for the visual characteristics than for the practical considerations.

The characteristics followed by the largest number of Web sites (no clashing between the text and the background, no blending of the text and the background, and using white space effectively) are design principles that apply to print publications as well as online. However, for the two followed by the least number of Web sites (links within prose or definition lists and avoid using multiple fonts), this is not the case. The first is not even applicable to print publications and for the second, the opposite would be true for print publications. This may be an indication of a tendency for Web page designers to still think in terms of print design principles even when designing for the new online medium.

Table 1. Characteristic Guidelines Followed On Each Web Page.

A literature review was conducted to locate existing guidelines for Web page creation. Guidelines were taken from both printed and World Wide Web sources. The guidelines retrieved through the literature review were compared and ten design elements were chosen for testing. Twenty existing Web pages were chosen using services such as Yahoo and a list of award-winning sites from sources such as Windows magazine providing a range of design elements defined as either good or bad by the retrieved guidelines. A portion of each page was saved to a disk on 10 March 1997, and an effort was made to make that portion representative of the entire page. The image saved that day was used for the rest of the project.

CONCLUSIONS

Of the two research questions posed for this study, the first: "What published guidelines currently exist?" was answered with the analysis of the literature. A multitude of guidelines was identified but few were based on research, emphasizing the need for this study and others like it.

By comparing the published guidelines and a selection of existing Web pages, question two, "Do existing Web pages adhere to the published guidelines?" was answered. This was a necessary first step to determining whether the guidelines actually represent user preferences and their level of comprehension of the pages' content. The authors will follow this study with a test of the ten Web page characteristic guidelines with users to determine if pages that followed the guidelines are preferred and to what degree they are comprehended. Other visual and practical guidelines need to be tested with users as well to determine which are important to 'good' Web page design. Studies of the navigational characteristics are also needed for determining whether a characteristic is an aid to users for moving through a Web page or a Web site or for trying to find specific information within a page or site. As more and more libraries create and come to depend on the World Wide Web for access to their libraries and as a public relations tool, adherence to these guidelines becomes more and more important.

January 1997. Available from the Internet, http://www.nw.com/zone/host-count-history.

5. Leticia T. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing

and publishing Web documents," School Library Media Activities Monthly 12

(June 1996):33-35.

9. Robert W. Pasicznuk, "Web your library: providing information access

through a library web page," Colorado Libraries 21 (Winter 1995):42-4.

19. Yan Ma, "A Semiotic analysis of icons on the World Wide Web." In Eyes

on the future: Converging images, ideas, and instruction. Selected readings from the 27th Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association, Chicago, IL, October 18-22, 1995. ERIC, ED 391481.

29. G.M. Murch, "Physiological principles for the effective use of color," IEEE Computer and Applications 11 (1983):49-54.

30. P. Haubner and C. Benz. 1983. "Information display on monochrome and colour screens." In Ergonomics and health in modern offices: proceeding of the International Scientific Conference On Ergonomic and Health Aspects in Modern Offices, edited by Etienne Grandjean. London: Taylor and Francis.

31. Patricia L. Smith and Tillman J. Ragan, Instructional design, (New York: Merrell, 1993).

32. M.J. Hannafin and K.L. Peck. The design, development, and evaluation of instructional software, (New York: Macmillan, 1988).

33. Fred Ennis, N.d. Web design. N.p.: @MONITOR.CA 3, iss. 9. Journal on-line. Accessed 18 September 1996. Available from the Internet, http://www.monitor.ca/monitor/issues/vol3iss9/feature2.html.

35. Ibid.

37. Kristen L. Garlock and Sherry Pointek, Building the service-based library Web site: A step-by-step guide to design and options. 1996, ERIC, ED 391528.

38. Bill Johnson and Oleta Armstrong, "Creating a home page: Easier than you think," Texas Library Journal 71, no. 4 (Winter 1995):170-177.

39. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image--The maturation of the Web."

a Web presence" Database 18, no. 2 (April/May 1995):20-28.

45. Garlock and Pointek, Building the service-based library Web site: A step-by-step guide to design and options.

46. Johnson and Armstrong, "Creating a home page: Easier than you think."

47. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

48. Rice-Lively, Mary Lynn. 1995. HTML do’s & don’t’s. Austin, Tex: University of Texas at Austin. Book on-line. Accessed 21 February 1996. Available from the Internet, http://fiat.gslis.utexas.edu/~marylynn/howto.htm.

49. Setting up a web site. [1996?]. College Station, Tex: Texas A&M University. Book on-line. Accessed 18 September 1996. Available from the Internet, http://freethought.tamu.edu/~meta/texts/tech/webguide.html.

50. Brian J. Spear, "Preparing pages for the World Wide Web," Online & CDROM Review 19 (December 1995):325-327.

52. Dean Woodbeck, "Making the Web work for you," Currents 21, no. 10 (November/December 1995):40-45.

53. Garlock and Pointek, Building the service-based library Web site: A step-by-step guide to design and options.

54. Rice-Lively, Mary Lynn, HTML do’s & don’t’s.

55. Woodbeck, "Making the Web work for you."

57. Setting up a web site.

58. Falcigno and Green, "Home page, sweet home page: Creating a Web presence."

61. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

62. Setting up a web site.

63. Cochenour, Lee, and Wilkins, Visual links in the World-Wide Web: The uses and limitations of image maps.

publishing Web documents."

think."

66. Rice-Lively, HTML do’s & don’t’s.

70. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

81. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

82. Woodbeck, "Making the Web work for you."

83. Howard, Sean. 1995. The Ten Commandments of HTML. N.p. Book on-line. Accessed 9 November 1996. Available from the Internet, http://www.visdesigns.com/design/commandments.html.

84. HyperContent, HyperJunk: Hypertext theory as if the WWWeb matters.

85. Snyder, "Good, bad, and ugly pages."

86. Beverly K. Duval and Linda Main, "Building home pages." Library Software Review 14, no. 4 (Winter 1995):218-227.

87. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files."

89. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

90. HyperContent, HyperJunk: Hypertext theory as if the WWWeb matters.

91. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

92. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

93. Setting up a web site.

95. Ennis, Web design.

96. Falcigno and Green, "Home page, sweet home page: Creating a Web presence."

97. Duval and Main, "Building home pages."

98. Woodbeck, "Making the Web work for you."

99. Howard, The Ten Commandments of HTML.

100. Susan Jurist, "Top 10 rules for creating graphics for the Web." C&RL News 57, no. 7 (July/August 1996):418-421.

101. Duval and Main, "Building home pages."

102. Howard,The Ten Commandments of HTML.

104. Rice-Lively, HTML do’s & don’t’s.

Web home page files."

106. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

107. Jurist, "Top 10 rules for creating graphics for the Web."

108. Setting up a web site.

109. Jurist, "Top 10 rules for creating graphics for the Web."

110. Howard, The Ten Commandments of HTML.

111. Snyder, "Good, bad, and ugly pages."

112. Howard, The Ten Commandments of HTML.

113. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

114. Setting up a web site.

115. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files."

116. Flanders, Vincent. 1996. Web pages that suck: Learn good design by looking at bad design. N.p. Book on-line. Accessed 9 November 1996. Available from the Internet, http://www.webpagesthatsuck.com/home.html.

117. Garlock, and Pointek, Building the service-based library Web site: A step-by-step guide to design and options.

118. Howard, The Ten Commandments of HTML.

119. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files.

120. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

121. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files.

122. Vincent Flanders, Web pages that suck: Learn good design by looking at bad design. N.p. Book on-line. Accessed 9 November 1996. Available from the Internet, http://www.webpagesthatsuck.com/home.html.

Web home page files."

124. Ibid.

125. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

Web home page files."

127. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

128. Robert W. Pasicznuk, "Web your library: providing information access through a library web page." Colorado Libraries 21 (Winter 1995):42-4.

129. Spear, "Preparing pages for the World Wide Web."

130. HyperContent, HyperJunk: Hypertext theory as if the WWWeb matters.

131. Jurist, "Top 10 rules for creating graphics for the Web."

132. Howard, The Ten Commandments of HTML.

133. Snyder, "Good, bad, and ugly pages."

134. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

135. Johnson and Armstrong, "Creating a home page: Easier than you think."

136. Rice-Lively, HTML do’s & don’t’s.

137. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files."

138. Woodbeck, "Making the Web work for you."

139. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

140. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

141. Judith M. Dixon, "Leveling the road ahead: Guidelines for the creation of WWW pages accessible to blind and visually handicapped users" Library Hi Tech 14, no. 1 (1996):65-68.

142. Duval and Main, "Building home pages."

143. Garlock and Pointek, Building the service-based library Web site: A step-by-step guide to design and options.

144. Howard, The Ten Commandments of HTML.

145. Johnson and Armstrong, "Creating a home page: Easier than you think."

146. Jurist, "Top 10 rules for creating graphics for the Web."

147. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

148. Setting up a web site.

149. Snyder, "Good, bad, and ugly pages."

150. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

151. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

152. Woodbeck, "Making the Web work for you."

153. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

154. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

155. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files."

156. Snyder, "Good, bad, and ugly pages."

157. Johnson and Armstrong, "Creating a home page: Easier than you think."

158. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files."

159. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

160. Garlock and Pointek, Building the service-based library Web site: A step-by-step guide to design and options.

161. HyperContent, HyperJunk: Hypertext theory as if the WWWeb matters.

162. Rice-Lively, HTML do’s & don’t’s.

163. Setting up a web site.

164. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files."

165. Falcigno and Green, "Home page, sweet home page: Creating a Web presence."

166. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files."

167. Rice-Lively, HTML do’s & don’t’s.

168. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

169. Falcigno and Green, "Home page, sweet home page: Creating a Web presence."

170. HyperContent, HyperJunk: Hypertext theory as if the WWWeb matters.

171. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

172. Pasicznuk, "Web your library: providing information access through a library web page."

173. Kevin Fredette, Margaret Mooney, Lynne Reasoner, and Pei Shui, "Building a

better beast: Designing a WWW home page for government resources." DTTP: Documents

174. Cole, "Mosaic on public-access PCs: Letting the World-Wide Web into the library."

175. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

176. Johnson and Armstrong, "Creating a home page: Easier than you think."

177. Rice-Lively, HTML do’s & don’t’s.

178. Snyder, "Good, bad, and ugly pages."

179. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

180. Van Brakel, Roeloffze, and van Heerden, "Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files.

181. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

182. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

183. Tony Sanders, 1995 HTML bad style page: A collection of DONTs for HTML.

N.p. : earth.com. Book on-line. Accessed 9 November 1996. Available from the Internet, http://www.earth.com/bad-style/.

184. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

185. Spear, "Preparing pages for the World Wide Web."

186. Snyder, "Good, bad, and ugly pages."

187. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

188. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

189. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

190. Rice-Lively, HTML do’s & don’t’s.

191. Sanders, HTML bad style page: A collection of DONTs for HTML.

192. Tilton, Composing good HTML.

"Some guidelines for creating World Wide Web home page files."

194. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

195. Ibid.

196. Duval and Main, "Building home pages."

197. Ekhaml, "Make your presence known on the Web! Tips for writing and publishing Web documents."

198. Setting up a web site.

199. Quinn, "From grass roots to corporate image-- The maturation of the Web."

200. Rice-Lively, HTML do’s & don’t’s.